You might not be able to see it, but it’s actually one of the most important parts of your aquarium.
No, I’m not talking about the canister filter hidden away underneath your aquarium.
I’m talking about oxygen.
It’s funny – one of the only times you will think about the oxygen in your aquarium is when it isn’t there.
And by then it’s too late.
So sit back as I teach you everything you need to know about this important aquarium ingredient.
Contents
Where does the oxygen in your aquarium come from?
Even though H2O (Water) is part oxygen, it is bonded with hydrogen – essentially locked together, thus making it inseparable.
Your fish can’t breath this.
So if that’s the case, then where does the oxygen that your fish breath come from?
Believe it or not, plants and fish actually breath the exact same oxygen as you and I.
In order for your fish to “breath” oxygen, it needs to get inside the water. And how it gets there is actually very interesting…
The surface of your aquarium is always in contact with the air. And it is here, at the surface, that oxygen enters the water through a process known as gas exchange.
The reason it is called gas exchange is because the air and water do a trade. The water in your aquarium swaps carbon dioxide (CO2) for the oxygen (O2) in the air.
I find that a diagram makes it much easier to understand…
Pretty simple, huh?
Since fish breath in this oxygen and give off carbon dioxide, this exchange is a continuous process.
It is also worth mentioning that the larger the surface area of the water, the more efficient the gas exchange.
So a larger tank is much easier to oxygenate than a small one.
Now you may be wondering:
How much oxygen does your fish tank need?
Unfortunately, this is a difficult question without a clear answer…
Especially given that there are different factors contributing to how much oxygen can actually dissolve in your fish tank, including:
1. Water temperature – As the water temperature increases, the amount of oxygen that water can hold decreases. Tropical fish have less oxygen in their water than cold water fish.
2. Salinity – To put it simply, salinity is the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in your water. The saltier your water, the less oxygen it can hold. You can test the salinity of your aquarium with a refractometer.
3. Atmospheric pressure – The lower the air pressure, the less oxygen the water can hold. It may surprise you to learn that, all thing being equal, water in Miami (altitude 6 feet) can hold more oxygen than water in Denver (altitude 1 mile).[1]
Then there’s the fish…
Generally speaking, larger fish need more oxygen than smaller fish, while slower moving fish need less oxygen than fast swimmers.[2]
So, as you can see – the answer to how much oxygen your aquarium needs isn’t exactly clear cut.
That said, there are recommendations as to the ideal oxygen levels for certain aquariums, measured in Parts Per Million (PPM).[3]
Freshwater Fish | 8.3 PPM |
Marine Fish | Between 7.0 and 6.4 PPM |
Please note that these are only loose guidelines and the previous factors I listed will impact just how much oxygen can dissolve in your tank.
But if your fish are behaving normally, and are not gasping for air at the surface of your aquarium, then it is a good sign that there is enough oxygen in your aquarium.
In fact, fish behavior and oxygen levels go hand in hand.
Which brings me to my next point…
How do you know if your aquarium is low on oxygen?
Above, you can see a picture of water that is high in oxygen.
The next picture shows water with dangerously low levels of oxygen…
Look closely…
Notice anything different?
I would hope not!
I don’t care how good your eyesight is, it is practically impossible to determine if water has an oxygen shortage just by looking at it.
While you could test your water for dissolved oxygen, which I will get to in a moment, there is one other way to determine if your aquarium has low oxygen levels…
By looking at your fish.
Your fish will behave differently according to just how much oxygen is in the tank.
The first sign that you have an oxygen problem is slower movement. At the first sign of low oxygen levels, fish will slow down and swim less. This is particularly noticeable in active fish.
As oxygen levels continue to drop, you will notice that your fish has trouble “breathing.”
If you look closely at the gills, you will notice them moving rapidly as your fish desperately attempts to get enough oxygen by passing more water than usual through their gills.
If the oxygen levels are drastically low, then the symptoms become obvious – your fish will gasp for air at the top of your aquarium.
Your fish will look noticeably distressed as they attempt to draw oxygen from the most oxygen-rich location in your aquarium, the surface layer.
If your tank is home to many different types of fish, you may notice that only a few gasp at the surface for air.
You should still be concerned, as those that are not gasping for air are probably stronger or require less oxygen – they too will eventually be affected by low oxygen levels if the problem is not corrected.
Fish show these obvious signs of stress when the oxygen content of water drops below 4 PPM. If the oxygen drops below 2 PPM, death will soon follow.
So now that you know how to identify the problem, it’s time to determine the cause…
What causes low oxygen in aquariums?
1. Overstocking
By far the most common cause of low oxygen levels in aquariums is overstocking – keeping more fish than is appropriate for your tank.
Each fish that you add to your tank needs oxygen to breath. And once you add too many fish, the oxygen in the water will be consumed at a faster rate than it can be replenished.
And the consequence is that there isn’t enough oxygen in the tank for your fish to breath.
Fortunately, the solution to overstocking is simple:
There are calculators available online that can help assist you with how many fish you should stock in your tank.[4]
Compared to overstocking a fish tank, the remaining contributors to declining oxygen are quite minor. However, when combined with an overstocked aquarium, these factors can be dangerous.
2. Plants
I know, it seems like a funny one…
Living plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) and give off oxygen – so how can they contribute to lower oxygen levels?
Well, here’s the thing:
Plants only give off oxygen when exposed to light, whether that’s natural daylight or the light from your LED setup.
When night falls, and the tank turns dark, the opposite happens – plants consume oxygen and give off CO2.
If your planted aquarium has reduced or no light for an extended period of time, the plants could deplete enough oxygen to affect your fish, especially in an overstocked tank!
Note: Algae is also a plant, and this problem can also occur in tanks with a heavy algae bloom.
3. High Water Temperature
As I touched on earlier in this article, warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cool water.
In summer, the water temperature of your aquarium can spike – especially if it sits in direct sunlight, like near a window!
And when this happens, there is going to be less oxygen in the water for your fish.
If you notice that your aquarium temperature is higher, then you have a few options available:
- Shade the aquarium from sunlight
- Perform a water change with cooler water
- Turn off the heaters until temperature returns to normal
- Use a fan or aquarium chiller to blow cool air over the surface
- Float a zip-close bag with ice cubes inside in your aquarium
4. Excess waste
Okay, so excess waste isn’t directly responsible for a lack of oxygen in your aquarium…
But it does kick off a chain of events that can lead to low oxygen levels, so I felt that it should be included in this list.
Fish poop, plants decay and uneaten fish food will rot…
Bacteria that feed on these waste products also require oxygen, further depleting the oxygen levels in your tank.
Excess waste can also lead to an algae bloom, which can also lead to oxygen loss.
Oh, and if that’s not enough, too much ammonia from waste can irritate your fish’s gills, making it more difficult to draw oxygen out of the water.
Long story short – don’t let waste build up in your tank!
5. Chemicals
Certain medications for fish disease and chemicals like water conditioners can have a direct impact on the oxygen-carrying ability of the water in your tank.
When using chemical additives, it is recommended you always read the instructions to determine if they will cause any negative effect, like lower oxygen levels.
How do you test the oxygen levels of your aquarium?
For hobbyists, there are two common devices used to measure the amount of dissolved oxygen in an aquarium[5]
Let’s start with the cheapest option…
1. Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit
If you have ever tested the pH of your aquarium, you will be all too familiar with colorimetric tests.
Well, aquarium test kits work in a similar way, and can even be used to check the oxygen levels in your aquarium.
Simply add the drops to a sample of your aquarium water and compare the color to the chart to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in your tank.
Generally speaking, the more expensive the test kit, the more accurate the reading will be. That said, being precise isn’t too important to hobbyists, who will generally only need a rough idea of their dissolved oxygen levels.
Each dissolved oxygen test kit is capable of performing multiple tests. The Salifert test, pictured above, is capable of performing over 40 tests.
2. Dissolved Oxygen Meter/Probe
If you have the cash to spare, a dissolved oxygen meter precisely measures your aquarium in just a few seconds.
Stick the probe in your aquarium and the amount of oxygen in your aquarium will be displayed on the LCD screen.
While a dissolved oxygen meter may be more accurate than a test kit, it also requires continual maintenance to ensure the results remain accurate. Membranes and batteries must be replaced and the meter must be calibrated regularly.
But if you want the most accurate measurement possible, You can’t go past a dissolved oxygen meter.
How to increase the oxygen levels in your aquarium
![Aquarium Oxygen: The Essential Ingredient to a Healthy Aquarium 8 aquarium airstone bubbler with air line tube on black background in water](https://fishlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/aquarium-airstone-bubbler-with-airline-tube-on-black-background-in-water.jpg)
Well, the first thing you want to do is remove all the contributing factors to oxygen depletion that I mentioned earlier, namely overstocking your tank.
With that out of the way, there is actually a clever trick you can use to increase the amount of oxygen in your tank.
I mentioned earlier how a larger tank exchanges gas more efficiently than a smaller tank due to the larger surface area of the water.
Well, there is actually a way you can “artificially” increase the surface area of your aquarium.
And that method is surface agitation.
To put it simply, water movement on the surface of your aquarium increases its surface area, allowing more oxygen to dissolve and more carbon dioxide to escape.
Any product that helps produce water flow is perfect for agitating the surface of your aquarium, including:
- Aquarium bubbler (like an airstone)
- HOB filter, or point your filter return at the surface
- Powerhead
- Wavemaker
- Spray bar
- Lily pipe
By agitating the surface water in your aquarium, you can potentially stock more fish than you otherwise would have been able to without it.
How to increase oxygen levels in an emergency
So you have just come to discover that panicked fish are gasping for air at the surface of the tank.
There is no time to look for the cause of the problem, you can do that when your fish are safe.
Right now, your priority is saving your fish.
The easiest and quickest way to get oxygen into your aquarium is to immediately perform a large water change – as much as 50%.
The new water will bring with it dissolved oxygen that should keep your fish happy in the short term.
This will buy you some time so that you can hunt for the cause of the depleted oxygen.
Too much oxygen in an aquarium…
A reader actually asked a rather interesting question, one that I thought would make a great addition to this guide…
What happens if there is too much oxygen in an aquarium?
Water can only hold so much oxygen before it reaches saturation.
And once saturation is achieved, no more oxygen is going to dissolve in the water.
Your fish will happily breath in water that is saturated with oxygen – it’s harmless.
But the problem comes when water is supersaturated with oxygen.
And I must stress that this isn’t common in an aquarium environment.[6]
One way that tank water can become oversaturated is from a leaking water pipe or cavitating pumps that increase pressure, resulting in excess oxygen to dissolve in the water.
The other way is through rapid heating of your aquarium. Because cold water can contain more oxygen than warm water, the oxygen gets trapped due to the extremely fast temperature change.
When your fish breaths in the over-oxygenated water, the oxygen leaches out of your fish’s blood stream and forms bubbles in the tissues.
This is known as gas bubble disease and it isn’t pretty…
![Aquarium Oxygen: The Essential Ingredient to a Healthy Aquarium 9 Fish with gas bubble disease from supersaturated water containing oxygen](https://fishlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Fish-with-gas-bubble-disease-from-supersaturated-water-containing-oxygen.jpg)
Visible bubbles can form in the gills, fins and eyes of the fish. Gas bubbles can also build up in your fish’s heart, leading to death.
Conclusion
It may be invisible, but there is no denying that oxygen plays a hugely important role in your aquarium.
Do you regularly test the oxygen levels in your aquarium? Let me know in the comments below!
![Aquarium Oxygen: The Essential Ingredient to a Healthy Aquarium 10 Screenshot 2023 11 27 at 14.21.55 1](https://fishlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-27-at-14.21.55-1.jpg)
Ian Sterling, founder of Fishlab.com, began his aquarium journey over 30 years ago, driven by a deep fascination for fish and their diverse personalities. His website, Fishlab.com, is dedicated to making fishkeeping accessible and enjoyable, offering beginner-friendly guidance, expert insights, and a community for aquarists to connect and share experiences.
Comments (25)
I added to much air and had fish try to leap out of the tank hitting the lid and causing death. Bring your oxygen up slowly, is what I have found.
We have just had a tank set up from a friend and we set it up 24 hours ago. We had 16 fish and then today we lost half of our fish. We had our oxygen levels tested and they were really poor. We also swapped the tank for one roughly half the size so I’m wondering if overcrowding contribited to the low oxygen issue. Anyway, we have gutted the whole tank so all of the water is fresh now and we have given the filter a thorough clean as it was full of allsorts. (We had been told not to clean the filter because of the beneficial bacteria that’s in it for the fish). We have also installed an airstone and have positioned the filter so that it acts as a powerhead. There are loads of bubbles in the tank now. I’m still worried about transferring the fish we have left back into the tank. I don’t want any more of them to die.
Hi Kat,
Depending on the fish, it’s possible that halving the size of the tank contributed to the deaths of your fish – half the tank, half the oxygen.
You can rinse your biomedia and it shouldn’t cause your cycle to crash. I’d recommend rinsing half one week and half the next as a precaution. And of course, rinse it in fresh water, chlorine will kill beneficial bacteria.
I believe my tank is very well oxygenated, and all my water parameters are good, but my PH tests high, on the “Low PH” chart out of the faucet, and when I test a few minutes before my weekly water change from my tank, the PH is reading in the center areas on the “High PH” chart. The fish seem fine, but I have read that the high oxygen is what is driving up my PH, and wondered which is worse, high oxygen, or high PH. I have a 46 gal. basic freshwater tropical fish, one anubius and one Java plant and about a 2.5′ piece of driftwood. Things seem fine, but I am just wondering if I should make any changes. Thanks
Hi Becky,
High oxygen is quite uncommon and typically only seen in heavily planted tanks – pearling plants is a sign. I’d be doubtful that your tank has excessive O2 levels.
You should only make changes if your fish can handle that level of pH of the pH is rapidly fluctuating. In each case, both can stress your fish to the point of disease or death.
It’s possible something is increasing the KH of your water which then causing the pH to rise. You’ll need a KH test kit to confirm this. For more information, check out this KH guide.
Whether it’s O2 or KH you will only be sure if you test.
I’m having a big problem with the nitrates in my tank. It’s a new tank(2 months old). It has been cycled, I have tried using products to eliminate it. I’ve done water changes and gravel vacing once a week( I started out a every 2 weeks but it was recommended to me to go to every week). Its a 10 gallon tank with only 3 fish. Do you think that I cant get it under control because I don’t have something to make bubbles? Can low oxygen levels mess with the nitrates/nitrites?
Hi Emily,
Nitrates are removed through water changes. For most freshwater tanks, it’s the only way to remove them. If they have built up to ridiculous levels, you may need to perform multiple or larger water changes. Once under control, you might need to switch to more than once per week – depending on which 3 fish you have, it may be too many for the tank which can cause them to build up quicker than usual.
Hi,
I want to ask you about the relation between oxygen and carbon dioxide. What happen if we turn on a bubbler after we previously injected co2 into the water? Does the O2 will get rid the co2 or they both will be in the water at the same time?
Thank you
Hi Yana,
The the surface agitation can release co2 from the water. It’s kind of a balancing act. Ideally you would want enough flow that your water is moving to all corners of your tank and a film isn’t forming on the surface. It can take some trial and error, but you should eventually figure out the right amount for your tank so you are not of gassing too much Co2
I was told by my local fish store–not a national chain — that I didn’t need an airstone. So I assumed that the motion of water falling out of the HOB filters I use was sufficient. Should I be buying air stones and pumps for various size tanks?
I turn the filter flow down low for my betta tanks….one is in a 5-gallon quarantine and will be going in a community 20-gallon. The other betta tank is a 5.5 gallon also.
Your web site is very informative! Thank you!
Hi Deb,
It sounds like you received some good advice. If your filter is sized correctly, the outflow should agitate the surface enough for a correctly stocked tank. If you see water churning and moving (even slowly) around your tank, then it will likely be enough.
On the same subject, will it hurt the fish or water quality if I added a piece of air furniture?
Hi Mark,
No, air furniture will not affect water quality. However, it may stress some fish. Betta for instance, prefer slow moving to still water. Air driven ornaments and similar cause water to move around the tank which can stress out these sensitive fish. However, that depends on what you are stocking in your tank.
Hello I have just started a fresh water 55 gallon tank with 5 gold fish to begin the bacteria growth (I do not want to harm any fish) I have 2 powerheads 30’s which also connects to the undergravel filter and also the back waterfall filter system up to a 70 gallon (both Auqa clear) wanted to provide enough circulation and filtration to hopefully not be cleaning more than actually needed. Do I need a air stone or should the powerheads work for that purpose? Thank you
Hi Holly,
If anything it sounds like your filtration will produce quite a lot of current. Also, it’s easier and less dangerous to fish if you use a fishless cycle to kickstart bacteria growth. It’s going to be quite turbulent as it is, you won’t need any more water movement. Just be mindful that many fish prefer slower moving currents.
Generally speaking, your filter should turn over 4 – 6 x the amount of water your aquarium holds in an hour. If you can do this, you can get away with weekly water changes. Extra filtration won’t really get away from performing maintenance.
I have a 20 gallon tank for last 8 years. Never had a problem. It’s acrylic and the top has a light as well as space for the exterior filter and more uncovered space. Only in the last year I had to cover it with sponges or paper towels as the water from the air stone causes it to leak down the side. I just replaced the filter it’s working fine and three days after the water started again. What do u recommend
Hi Kitty,
Are you sure the tank doesn’t have an incredibly tiny crack and that water is escaping over the top? I only ask as 20 years is a long time for an acryllic tank.
If it’s the filter responsible, can you move the filter outlet so it’s just below the water, or weaken the rate at which the outflow hits the water? This will stop tiny drops splashing out, which add up over time and possibly the cause for the “leak”
Hi, I have a 20 gallon tank with 14 guppies in it, I have pretty excellent canister filtration and two air stones and one small jawa moss plant. So my question is whether my tank is overstocked or not? I read somewhere that its supposed to be one gallon per fish but considering the decorations, gravel etc, is my tank overstocked?
Hi Christopher,
The 1 gallons per inch of fish is a terrible rule. With so many different types of fish, it’s impossible to track down. A single gold fish, for example, could need 30 gallons.
Assuming it’s a 20 gallon long rather than a 20 gallon high, your tank is definitely at max, maybe a little overstocked, but only just. If your water parameters are normal and you have good oxygenation and maintaining your tank properly, I would say there isn’t anything to worry about here. But because your tank is overstocked, you can’t slip on the maintenance!
My step son has a 30 gal. freshwater tank. We got it all set up and let the water circulate for about 5 days. It gradually turned cloudy. ( There are artificial plants and no fish ).
Even though it was still cloudy, he decided to try 10 or so little fish in the tank. By next morning they were all dead. He took those out and the where he got them replaced them so he put the new fish in around 10:00 P.M. By 2:30 P.M. The fish started showing signs of weakness. An hour later, there were a couple of dead fish. The other fish were right at the surface of the water.
After reading your information, I’m convinced there is a lack of oxygen. My step son wants to empty the tank and fill it wit distilled water, but from what I’ve read, it will still have to go through the process of making good Bactria and will still go through a cloudy period of time. My question is: what and how should he get more oxygen into his tank?
Hi Keila,
It’s highly unlikely that this is an oxygen issue, unless he overstocked the tank. Read up on cycling an aquarium – your step son needs to get his head around understanding the nitrogen cycle and how to test for it. Adding nothing but distilled water will kill all the fish, unless it is remineralized first. Dechlorinated tap water will work fine for most locations.
I have a guide on cycling with fish here, I highly recommend reading this or any other cycling guide, otherwise your step son is going to continue to kill fish.
Hi Ian Sterling,
I use ventura that create oxygen dissolving water. Is that cause too much oxygen for aquarium tank?
Hi Nguyen,
Are you talking about a venturi? No, this will certainly not produce too much oxygen.
Hi , i have a 4ft planted tank and now i added amazon frogbit , my question is can i have to much oxygen which is bad for fish from overstocking plants ? Thanks
Hi Frank,
Great question. Even in a heavily planted tank, your fish will be fine.