It definitely isn’t the most exciting part of owning an aquarium…
In fact, surface agitation is often overlooked, especially by beginners.
But that doesn’t change the fact that surface agitation is important!
So today, I am going to teach you everything you need to know about it!
Contents
- What is surface agitation?
- Why is surface agitation so important?
- Is there such a thing as too much surface agitation?
- How do you agitate the water in your aquarium?
What is surface agitation?
Have you ever seen a puddle of water that is so calm, still and smooth that it looks like a mirror?
Yeah, like that…
Well, if you added nothing but water to your aquarium, that’s exactly what the surface would look like.
However, if you throw a stone or splash around in the puddle, the surface of the water would become rippled.
In aquariums, this movement of water on the surface of the tank is referred to as surface agitation.
It’s a boring and often forgotten aspect of aquariums, but surface agitation is important for most tanks.
Why is surface agitation so important?
The most compelling argument for surface agitation is self-explanatory…
It oxygenates your water!
As you are no doubt aware, the oxygen that your fish breath works its way down into your tank from the surface…
The bigger the surface area of the tank, the more oxygen can penetrate the water.
Now, ordinarily the water surface area is determined by the size of your aquarium.
A 4 ft x 2 ft aquarium, for example, has a lot more surface area than a small fish bowl.
However…
When you agitate the surface water in your tank, the layer of water that is in contact with the air is constantly changing – the agitation increases the surface area of your tank, even though the physical dimensions of your aquarium are unchanged.
Surface agitation promotes gas exchange – the agitation increases the rate at which oxygen (O2) dissolves in water. It also increases the rate at which carbon dioxide (CO2) is released from the water.
The amount of oxygen in your aquarium plays a major role in determining how many fish you can keep in your tank.
You need enough oxygen to keep each fish alive! The more oxygen in the water, the more fish you can keep!
Surface agitation allows you to keep more fish in the same-size tank.
That’s a pretty convincing argument for surface agitation, huh?
Even if you are not planning on stocking any more fish, there is another added benefit of surface agitation…
It gets rid of that oily film that appears on the surface of still aquariums.
You know, that oil slick that begins to form?
Well, the reason it isn’t going anywhere is because there is no water movement.
Agitating the surface water will help break up the oily film.
Is there such a thing as too much surface agitation?
In most cases, the surface agitation caused by aquarium equipment won’t cause any problems.
However, there are two instances when strong surface movement actually works against you.
1. Your fish
It may surprise you to learn that some fish hate surface agitation or any other water movement.
One of those fish is the Betta splenden (Siamese fighting fish).
I know that many fish stores keep their betta in a tank with an air stone bubbling away, agitating the surface of the water. But this stresses the fish.
In their natural environment, betta live in rice paddies and marshes – water that is very still.
To keep your betta happy at home, you want to replicate the gentle water movement found in its natural habitat.
So, read up on the preferred water movement of your fish before adding any surface-agitating devices.
2. Planted tanks
Remember how I mentioned earlier that agitating the water also increases the rate at which CO2 exits the water?
Well, for planted tank owners who are injecting CO2 into the water, that isn’t necessarily a good thing – you want the CO2 to stay in the water, not leave it.
If you are injecting CO2 into your tank, you want to reduce agitation down to a gentle ripple – so that you are not wasting CO2.
How do you agitate the water in your aquarium?
So, you have decided you want to agitate the surface water of your aquarium.
Here are four simple devices that will do just that!
1. Filter
If your tank already has a filter set up, then you will most likely have everything you need to agitate the surface of your aquarium already.
Hang on back (HOB) filters and under gravel filters both have return lines that cause water movement at the surface of the aquarium, agitating the water.
For canister filters, you need to point the return up towards the surface of the water to agitate it.
Sponge filters use either an airstone or air line to operate. As the bubbles rise to the surface, they agitate the water.
2. Aquarium bubbler
Commonly used by beginners and owners of small tanks, aquarium bubblers offer an affordable means to agitate the surface of your tank.
Simply hook the bubbler up to an good aquarium air pump and insert it into your tank. The bubbler will produce hundreds of tiny little bubbles. As the bubbles rise, they churn the surface of the water.
Popular types of aquarium bubblers include airstones and bubble walls.
3. Power head
A powerhead is essentially a submersible pump that is placed inside your aquarium to boost the water movement.
Water is drawn in through the bottom of the unit and out the top. As the water flows from the return, it stirs the surface of the water.
4. Wavemaker
Essentially a circulating fan, a wavemaker is positioned inside your tank and recreates the water movement of naturally occurring waves in the ocean.
By aiming the fan upwards, the wavemaker is more than capable of agitating the surface water.
5. Spray bar
In its simplest form, a spray bar is little more than a piece of pipe with holes in it.
A spray bar sits on your filter outlet and disperses the water evenly and gently across the surface of your aquarium.
6. Lily pipe
A lily pipe is a flower-shaped glass pipe that sits on the outflow of your aquarium filter.
As water flows through the pipe, it disperses water across the surface of your aquarium, agitating it. Lily pipes that are specifically designed to agitate the surface water are called poppy pipes.
Conclusion
It may not be the most exciting thing you will read about aquariums today, but surface agitation is an important part of fish keeping.
Do you agitate the surface of your aquarium? Let me know your preferred method in the comments below!
I also use this site as an excuse to spend lots of money on testing and reviewing different aquarium products! You can find my reviews here.
shae says
June 6, 2019 at 12:32 amhi Ian!
so…I just want clarification I guess – is the oil slick okay to have in situations were a lack of surface agitation is preferred? or should I be hunting for a way to introduce low surface agitation or otherwise sop it up with paper towels?
I’m a little conflicted with what I’ve been reading. I have a low-tech lightly-planted betta tank (and I’m at the point I am with a lot of help from your advice, thank you so much). I have a sponge on the pump output to diffuse flow for the betta – no surface agitation. my betta’s been making nests off and on, and the red root floaters are growing like crazy, but…I’m also getting the oil slick.
I’ve also got some BGA settling in, and it looks like I’ll have to oxygenate the tank somehow when I start treatment, but that’s overall an aside – I guess I’m trying to figure out if my solution to that will need to be a temporary or permanent one (assuming I can find a happy medium).
Ian Sterling says
June 6, 2019 at 8:41 amHi Shae,
Ideally, you wouldn’t want any oil slick, as it disrupts oxygen exchange. While betta do have a labyrinth gland and can gulp air at the surface, and prefer slow moving water, the ideal in an aquarium setting is *some* water movement.
The good news is that you don’t need much water movement at all in order to break up this film. Even light bubbles from an airstone can provide enough agitation. It can take some trial and error, but eventually you’ll get the hang of it, keeping both the tank surface oil free and your betta happy!
shae says
June 6, 2019 at 9:29 pmawesome; I’ll experiment with some things for a permanent solution then.
thanks so much!
Cindy says
June 20, 2019 at 11:11 amLook at the Zoo Med Nano 10 canister filter. I inherited a betta with this type of filter and he was only in a 2.5 gallon tank and it was IMPECCABLE and NO surface agitation. It has the spray bar and you can direct it onto the wall of the tank placing the suction cups up high just below the rim of your tank. OR you can not use the bar and attach this other piece that gently guides the output hose water with a small piece like the glass tube in the picture (plastic not glass and smaller). They have a video on their site about it. I just moved him to a 10 gallon and it’s great. It has mechanical filter through a sponge, carbon option which I never use, and ceramic biological filter. The canister is SMALL and totally silent. It’s awesome for a betta.
Terry chasney says
March 17, 2019 at 9:29 pmHi Ian, what an interesting article on removing surface oil! I have a Juwel 240 curved aq’. Well planted co2 fed through WEIPRO ph controller. Right, down to the problem! It’s been set up for 3yrs now, Filtration is Fluvalu4, co2 is fed by the filter. Water test’s are done every 4th day KH/GH etc are always in the acceptable range. Have had a problem with oil for about a month,NEVER thought about surface movement.. so followed your advice, within 2hrs problem solved. Brilliant, buy the man a pint 🍻🍻or 2 thanks
Ian Sterling says
March 18, 2019 at 4:42 amHi Terry,
I assume you are overseas because you have a Juwel 240. Those are a great little kit. I saw one when visiting the UK and I’m a little jealous we can’t get them here. I’m glad your oil problem was an easy fix! Have a pint for me!
Obi says
February 18, 2019 at 1:28 pmOkay, so I understand the part of bettas hating water flow and plants needing minimal surface agitation to avoid CO2 gas-off. But I’m also under the understanding that water flow is necessary to make sure all the water comes into contact with the beneficial bacteria resting on surfaces, and thereby avoid any like pockets of stagnant water that’s building up ammonia just because there aren’t any surfaces in that particular spot for the bacteria to cling to. Is there a way to get that necessary flow without stressing the fish and/or depriving the plants of CO2, or should I just worry more about one thing over the other rather than trying to balance the two?
Ian Sterling says
February 19, 2019 at 6:29 amHi Obi,
There is a difference between a slow moving current and massive churning surface agitation. In small to medium tanks, it doesn’t take much to achieve a current that will flow through the entire tank. The majority of your beneficial bacteria will sit in your filter anyway, filtering out ammonia and nitrite as water is drawn in over them.
ugur says
January 14, 2019 at 5:37 amHello, What about surface agitation in low tech tank tanks? It still gas offs the small amount of co2 or even increase the co2 level in tank?
Ian Sterling says
January 14, 2019 at 5:43 amHi Ugur,
Welcome to the balancing act that is co2. Ideally you would want enough flow that your water is moving to all corners of your tank and a film isn’t forming on the surface. It can take some trial and error, but you should eventually figure out the right amount for your tank so you are not ofgassing too much Co2
Chris g says
January 10, 2019 at 3:43 amHello. 65 gal cube. Corner flow, sump below and skimmer. I’ve been using 2 powerheads. I aimed one low and one at surface. However, after 2 years I view them as an annoyance. Visually…. I get my shimmer effect from my Kessil. My question. Is this .. I seem to acquire oxygen and gas exchange from my sump and skimmer, and the corner flow would seem to suck/drain surface film… If this is the case. Why point one at the surface? I’m thinking of removing both. And acquiring a cylinder style powerhead and hide it in the corner for the water movement… Your opinion would be appreciated. Thankyou
Ian Sterling says
January 10, 2019 at 4:31 amHi Chris,
This article was created with beginners in mind, those that just have an individual display tank. An open sump does indeed increase the amount of surface area that oxygen can be dissolved in. In your case you could remove both, however, in the days following, I would be closely monitoring your tank, testing daily, just to see what the effect of removal is. If it’s nothing, you are home clear.
Jon says
November 13, 2018 at 8:25 amA Million thanks, Ian !
Ian Sterling says
November 13, 2018 at 9:01 amYou’re welcome, Jon!
Dave says
October 11, 2018 at 9:48 amI agree with the author. I see nothing negative about the reference to bubblers nor airstones.
For my tank, however, I simply use extra plastic tubing from my canister filter to move the incoming water across the surface. It is a poor man’s substitute for a lily pipe or poppy pipe. I have the tubing at the water surface. It creates beautiful ripples across the entire tank. The main thing is that the water surface is always moving, mixing with air.
Ian Sterling says
October 11, 2018 at 10:23 amHi Dave,
That sounds like a great idea. Less breakable than a lily pipe too. Sometimes DIY solutions really are the best!
Dave says
October 13, 2018 at 11:28 amHi Ian,
Yeah, I know that some do not like the plastic tubes, but I don’t notice them.
I have used airstones and UG filters in the past, but I don’t like the noise from the air pump. Later, I went to HOB filters, but I found that the biomedia is too small. I now have an Eheim Classic 350, on my 40 G Breeder, and it is great. No noise, good surface current, and my tank has remained stable for weeks–with no water changes. It holds three young fantail goldfish puppies, and some plants.
I appreciate your article on surface agitation. Water ripples are necesary in tanks, as they are in nature.
Thanks!
Dave
Christina says
September 14, 2018 at 8:55 amI find your dismissive regard for airstones to be bad advice. I’m sure your point was to have a tank with little fish but more plants and aquascaping. That’s not real fish keeping but preening b*******t.
There are legitimate reasons for having airstones and a lot of fish enjoy the stream. Not to mention it’s nice to know that the fish he to breathe oxygen who don’t have a filter that hangs on the back.
So stow your snobbery.
Ian Sterling says
September 14, 2018 at 9:13 amHi Christina,
I’m scratching my head on this one… Did we read the same article?
If that was your takeaway from the article, then it would appear that you completely missed the point and have made yourself upset.
I actually recommended bubblers, like airstones, as a way to provide water movement further down the guide.
I merely suggested that an airstone is unsuitable for fish like betta, which prefer calm water. I stand behind this statement.
Jason says
October 25, 2018 at 12:41 amChristina sounds like she was having a bad day, or is just a total c**t. I’m going with the later.
Thanks for your article Ian, it’s useful information.
Ian Sterling says
October 25, 2018 at 6:04 amThanks Jason,
You can’t please everyone 🙂
Jigar says
May 30, 2018 at 9:39 pmVery helpful article helped me to solve my problem – no more oil on the surface.